The year 20 marked the third since the beginning of the 201011 arab uprisings. Though many commentators have warned that the arab spring is turning into an. Demonstrators expressing political and economic grievances faced violent crackdowns by their countries security forces. Pdf arab spring whether forecast for palestinefall 20. To a certain degree, this is an effect of previous scholarly interest in various regimes strategies for maintaining their monopolization of critical resources, and, ultimately, of state power. The reasons and economic and political consequences of. One of the interpretations of the origins of the arab spring is that it erupted in tunisia, a small country that was more educated than the arab norm and with strong links to europe bbc, 20. Marxist circles and parties set up in the arab world with moscows help had little influence, and local liberation movements did not depend on the bolsheviks. The role of social media in the arab spring, a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests in the middle east and north africa between 2010 and 2012, remains a highly debated subject. Mar 29, 2019 the tumult of the arab spring also showed autocratic governmentsand the rest of the worldthat millions of people living in islamic nations believe in free expression and democratic governance.
Werrell and francesco femia february 20 preface by annemarie slaughter. Arab spring also available in 20 training course action 3 euromed youth programme iv march 20 1. Youth frustration and the arab spring 5 spring will require the participation of youth, as well as policies and programs that address the concerns of youth in both the short and longterm. Can jordans abdullah ii, the regions most proamerican arab leader, liberalize his kingdom, modernize its economy, and save. Arab spring is a political concept that spread widely in the media and academic art publications.
The league of arab states in the wake of the arab spring. Lessons for international law from the arab spring by rosa. The term arab winter refers to the events across arab league countries in the mideast and north africa, including the syrian civil war, the iraqi insurgency and the following civil war, the egyptian crisis, the. The european union eu has traditionally taken a rather nuanced view of the activities of hezbollah. But the real surprise lies, this essay suggests, not in how or why these revolutions came to fruition. The youth bulge and arab unemployment the arab world has been facing a demographic trap for nearly three decades. That is the theory that proponents of the invasion are peddling on the tenth anniversary of the toppling of the statue of saddam hussein in baghdad, on april 9, 2003. Jun 19, 20 one of the interpretations of the origins of the arab spring is that it erupted in tunisia, a small country that was more educated than the arab norm and with strong links to europe bbc, 20. Tunisia celebrates fifth anniversary of the arab spring time. Cable networks have played a large role covering the arab spring in the united states.
The series of revolutions that marked the arab world toppled dictators and transformed the map of the region, inspiring hope for permanent change in the middle east. The middle east and north africa continued to have the highest levels of restrictions in the year when much of the arab spring uprisings occurred, with social hostilities involving religion increasing. To a certain degree, this is an effect of previous scholarly interest in various regimes strategies for maintaining their monopolization. The arab spring and climate change a climate and security correlations series by caitlin e. Bahrain this guide lists online and print sources for what has become known as the arab spring, the popular revolutionary wave in the middle east and north africa that started in december 2010. The arab winter is a term for the resurgence of authoritarianism, absolute monarchies and islamic extremism evolving in the aftermath of the arab spring protests in arab countries.
The middle east and north africa mena have long been laden with tensions and instabilities. Since morsi was forced to step down in july 20, russias relations with. The extraordinary events associated with the arab spring have produced a chaotic mix of transitioning democracies, reactionary autocracies, and civil strife. Arab spring as a background of civil war in syria in. Between expectations and disillusion 5 wp 24120 giga working papers place in their home countries constituted a natural continuation of the iranian revolution of 1979 alfoneh 2011.
Arab spring, wave of prodemocracy protests and uprisings that took place in the middle east and north africa beginning in 2010, challenging some of the regions entrenched authoritarian regimes. The arab spring was a series of prodemocracy uprisings that enveloped several largely muslim countries, including tunisia, morocco, syria, libya, egypt and. A population explosion in the arab world beck and huser, 20 coupled with government failures to carry out structural reforms and create jobs, led to rising unemployment, in particular. It is well known that these events started a reaction throughout the arab world, in some cases with success while in other countries it caused a. The league of arab states in the wake of the arab spring mervat rishmawi in 2011 and 2012, the league of arab states the league took limited steps in relation to what has become known as the arab spring which may have important implications on human rights issues, as will be discussed below. The term arab winter refers to the events across arab league countries in the mideast and north africa, including the syrian civil war, the iraqi insurgency and. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in tunisia noueihed, 2011. During the arab spring the number of users of social networks, especially facebook, rose dramatically in most arab countries, particularly in those where political uprising took place, with the exception of libya, which at the time had low internet access preventing people from doing so. The arab spring was a series of prodemocracy uprisings that enveloped several largely muslim countries, including tunisia, morocco, syria, libya, egypt and shows this day in history. When this small island kingdom in the gulf joined the wider arab worlds political upheavals in march 2011, it was a reaction to regional events, but also a reflection of subscribe and view the full journal at project muse. The situation began to change after world war ii, when, flush with vic. It describes the chain of events that took place and their geographical spread all over the country.
Politics comes first gadi wolfsfeld 1, elad segev2, and tamir sheafer3 abstract the goal of this article is to place the role that social media plays in collective action within a more general theoretical structure, using the events of the arab spring as a case study. Five years after the start of the arab uprisings, mainstream islamist groups find themselves between what has been termed the twin shocks of the arab spring. The arab spring refers to a period of protests beginning on december 18, 2010 in tunisia, which quickly spread to numerous other arab nations and resulted in regime change in tunisia, libya, egypt, and yemen, and repression andor violence in syria, bahrain, sudan, and elsewhere. International commissioned research in 2012 and 20 to understand the new context. Causes of the arab spring causes of the arab spring may be described as following. Cnn, fox news and msnbc are the three most watched cable networks and the ones that face the most scrutiny. This concept is used as an indication to a wide range of uprisings in the middle east and north africa mena region during the past two years. There was a definite demonstration effect driving the arab spring. A population explosion in the arab world beck and huser, 20.
Arab spring provoked, particularly the role of the media new and otherwise in empowering and even causing the uprisings. Pdf the waves of the arab spring in tunisia, egypt, libya, yemen and. Dec 16, 20 egypt has witnessed the overthrow of two presidents since the start of the arab spring. Arab winter simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The arab spring movement has captivated the world over the past few years. Widely circulated pdfs of tip sheets explained how to pull off a successful protest.
In egypt, protests and strikes began on january 25, 2011. However, the recent arab uprisings, better known as the arab spring, have intensified volatility. It includes civil wars, mounting regional instability, 10 economic and demographic decline of arab countries, 11 and ethnoreligious wars. The arab spring and climate change a climate and security correlations series edited by caitlin e. Werrell, francesco femia, and annemarie slaughter february 28, 20, 8. The influence of displeasure explosion against governments in tunisia, libya and egypt, known as arab spring, on the situation in syria was described. The attention on escalation of tensions between bashar alassads government and opposition as a source of civil war in syria was paid. Understanding the dynamics of the arab spring polsoz.
The arab spring and climate change center for american. Eighteen days of mass protests forced hosni mubarak to resign in february 2011, after three decades in power. Cable news is often accussed of catering to specific audiences, biased reporting and a variety of other criticisms. Despite historic links to violent activity, europe always remained reluctant to place the lebanese militant group on its list of terrorist organisations. Aug 28, 2019 the arab spring was a series of antigovernment protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the middle east in early 2011. In the main sites of protesttunisia, egypt, yemen, libya, bahrain, and syriaevents during the year dispelled the early optimism that had accompanied the spread of popular revolt throughout the region. The arab spring was a series of antigovernment protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the middle east in early 2011. Jun 20, 20 pew researchs fourth major report on global restrictions on religion finds that the share of countries with high or very high restrictions on religion rose from 37% in 2010 to 40% in 2011. The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract. Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012.
A bumpy road ahead pdf by hassan hakimian, director of the london middle east institute and reader, economics department, soas underscores the underlying importance of the economic conditions facing the new republics, such as egypt and tunisia, which are emerging as a result of the arab spring. Parsing arab spring northwestern university in qatar. The occurrence, speed and spread of the arab revolutions took almost everyone by surprise, including the protagonists. Arab spring adds to global restrictions on religion pew. Ms majd hardan, public and international relations officer 1. Disturbances have ranged from protests to full civil war and. Almost two years after the inception of the socalled arab spring some of its primary constituencies remain enigmatic.
The argument we are making here is that political change such as the initial protests associated with the arab spring leads to changes in the use of the social media e. Demonstrators expressing political and economic grievances faced violent crackdowns by. But, as marc lynch explains in his brilliant new book, the arab uprising, regardless of the fate of individual rulers or the course of particular movements, the nature of politics in the. The arab spring in egypt religious literacy project. In 201220 this changed sharply, with significantly fewer mentions of other arab countries, particularly arab spring countries, more fundraising and political.
But their purpose, relative success, and outcome remain hotly disputed in arab countries, among foreign observers, and between world powers looking to cash in on the changing map of the middle east. Included are the results of a bibliometric study that compared the frequency in which various descriptors appeared in major englishlanguage news sources. The arab spring jason marshall introduction the arab spring is a blanket term to cover a multitude of uprisings and protests in the middle east that began in the winter of 2010 and continue today. Women played their part as leaders and participants, and were not spared the backlash suffering arrests, sexual harassment and even death. List of books and articles about arab spring online. Arab spring used their powers vehemently to crush the demonstrators and consequently the peaceful protesters also became violent. Between the islamic state and the nationstate the brookings project on u.
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